List of References

The end of the write up must include a “References” section. For each reference, you need to include, as they are relevant/available, the following:

• Author;
• Date of publication;
• Chapter, article, or webpage title;
• Book, periodical, journal, or website title;
• Volume and issue of publication;
• Publisher; and
• URL.

Some examples:

Hobbes, T. (2006, July). Leviathan, part 1: Man (J. Bennett, Ed. & Trans.). Early Modern Texts. https://www.earlymoderntexts.com/assets/pdfs/hobbes1651part1_2.pdf (Original work from 1651/1668)

Stone, D., Patton, B., & Heen, S. (2010). Difficult conversations: How to discuss what matters most (2nd ed.). Penguin Books.

Kunji, J. (n.d.). Building a culture of safety in Qatar. Qatar Under Construction. http://www.qatarunderconstruction.org/category/articles/building-culture-safety-qatar/

Thomas Hobbes. (2021, January 21). In Wikipedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Hobbes&oldid=1001765388

The reading questions posted in the course schedule include the full reference for each assigned text, which should make this process much easier for you, while providing you with lots of examples for any additional outside sources that you may use.

I also recommend visiting the APA’s website for further guidance and many examples illustrating how to format references from a variety of sources.

Citing Other People

You must also cite ideas coming from classmates, friends, family members, and anyone else. This includes help from course assistants, the Center for Excellence in Writing (CEW), and even me (if I helped you outside of our usual class meetings).

In-text citations must reference the following:

• The person whose idea it was, and
• When you got that idea from them.

For example:

Contentious escalation often generates hostile perceptions and attitudes (Fontaine, 2024).

When listing these out in the “References” section at the end of the write up, you need to include the following:

• The person’s name,
• When you got the idea from them, and
• How you got the idea from them.

For example:

Fontaine, J. (2024, September 3). [Class notes].

Gray, D. E. (2024, September 12). [Personal conversation].

Citing Artificial Intelligence (AI) Tools

You must also cite assistance and/or ideas coming from any artificial intelligence (AI) tools.

In-text citations must reference the following:

• The creator of the artificial intelligence (AI) tool that you used, and
• The year of the version that you used.

For example:

Conflict may be understood as “a struggle or disagreement between two or more individuals” (OpenAI, 2024).

When listing these out in the “References” section at the end of the write up, you need to include the following:

• The creator of the artificial intelligence (AI) tool,
• The year of the version that you used,
• The name (and version) of that tool,
• The type of tool, and
• URL.

For example:

OpenAI. (2023). ChatGPT (March 14 version) [Large language model]. https://chat.openai.com/chat

In addition, also include an appendix that contains the full transcript of the prompt(s) you gave to the AI tool along with the full response(s) you got from it.

For example:

Appendix A: Full ChatGPT Transcript

MY PROMPT: What is a useful definition of conflict?

CHATGPT RESPONSE: A useful definition of conflict is:

Conflict is a situation in which two or more parties perceive their interests, goals, values, or needs to be incompatible or in opposition, leading to a struggle, disagreement, or clash.

This definition encompasses several key elements:

1. Perception: Conflict often arises from how parties perceive their interests or goals, not necessarily from objective reality.

2. Incompatibility: It involves a sense of incompatibility or opposition between the parties' interests, goals, values, or needs.

3. Parties: It can occur between individuals, groups, organizations, or nations.

4. Interaction: Conflict includes interactions that can range from verbal disagreements to physical confrontations.

This comprehensive definition highlights the subjective nature of conflict and its occurrence at various levels and intensities.

MY PROMPT: Why is conflict subjective?

CHATGPT RESPONSE: Conflict is subjective for several reasons:

1. Perception: Individuals and groups have different perspectives and interpretations of situations based on their experiences, beliefs, and values. What one party sees as a threat or incompatible interest might not be viewed the same way by another.

2. Emotions: Emotions play a significant role in conflict. Feelings such as anger, fear, jealousy, or frustration can influence how a person perceives a situation and reacts to it. These emotional responses are subjective and can vary widely among individuals.

3. Interests and Needs: The underlying interests and needs that drive conflict are often personal and unique to each party. What is crucial to one person or group might be of lesser importance to another.

4. Communication: Misunderstandings and miscommunications are common sources of conflict. Different communication styles, cultural backgrounds, and personal biases can lead to differing interpretations of the same message or action.

5. Values and Beliefs: Deeply held values and beliefs can create conflict when they clash with those of others. These are inherently subjective and shaped by personal experiences, culture, religion, and upbringing.

6. Context and Situations: The context in which a conflict arises can influence how it is perceived. Historical relationships, power dynamics, and environmental factors can all contribute to the subjective nature of conflict.

Because conflict is rooted in perceptions, emotions, and personal or group interests, it inherently involves a level of subjectivity that makes each conflict unique to the parties involved.

Acknowledgments

If you do receive help from classmates, friends, family, or anyone else, you must thank them for their assistance in an “Acknowledgments” section at the end of the write up. When thanking them, be sure to also specify exactly how they helped you with your work.

For instance:

Thanks to Sarah Sgro from the CEW who helped me with my spelling, organization, and grammar. Thanks also to Julie Fontaine for lending me her course notes. Finally, thanks to Professor Gray for clarifying this activity’s requirements.

If you are ever uncertain about citing sources, acknowledging assistance, or any other element of academic integrity, please ask; do not assume.