|
|
Tree simulations and randomizations
Various packages in Mesquite can simulate or randomize trees,
allowing you to build statistical tests based on null distributions
or trees generated under some hypothesis.
Contents
Using results of simulations & randomizations
The simulated or randomized trees can be used or stored in several
ways:
- The trees can be stored into tree blocks in the current file
by choosing options in the Make New Trees Block from
submenu of the Taxa&Trees menu.
- The trees may be used directly, at that moment, in calculations.
For example, if you make a Bar & Line Chart for trees, and
choose Simulated Trees as your source of trees, the trees will
be simulated and used in the chart without being stored in the
file.
- A series of many files can be saved, each one with a different
replicate of a block of simulated or randomized trees. This
is available through the Save Copies of Tree Blocks
submenu of the Taxa&Trees menu menu
To replicate the results of a simulation or randomization, you
can use the Set Seed menu item to set the random
number seed used. If you are using the same conditions, including
the same seed, the simulations and randomizations should be reproducible. However, in some situations, such as when comparing results from different parameters, leaving simulations reproducible can yield non-independent results. To ensure independence (at the cost of exact reproducibility) you can use the Simulation Repeatable menu item.
Evolutionary Simulations of Trees
Species Trees
We recommend you see the page on diversification
for more features related to species tree evolution.
- Uniform speciation (Yule) (trees package)
— Generates tree by simple uniform probability speciation
(a Yule process). The chance of speciation is equal for all
tips. Options: total time depth of tree.
- Uniform speciation with sampling (TreeFarm
package) — Generates a tree by Yule process, as above,
but with to a total number of species greather than in the taxa
block. Extra species are then randomly sampled out, to leave
the tree with the appropriate number of species. Barraclough
& Nee (2001) discuss how this sampling alters the branch
length distribution of the tree.
- Birth/Death trees (Diverse package) —
Simulates a constant rate of speciation and extinction to generate
a tree. For more details see the page on diversification.
- Trees depending on the evolution of a character
— in the Diverse
package are also some simulators that evolve a tree and character
simultaneously; the speciation and extinction rates may depend
on the state of the character.
Gene Trees
- Coalescent Trees (coalesce package) - Generates
tree by coalescence within a single panmictic population. Options:
Effective population size.
- Coalescence Contained within Current Tree
(coalesce package) - Generates tree by a simple coalescence
model of a neutral gene with constant population size, within
a current species tree from a Tree window or other tree context.
Branch lengths are assigned according to generation of coalescence.
The species tree used is a current tree found in a Tree Window
or other tree context.
Random Trees
- Equiprobable Trees (trees package)- Generates
trees randomly so that each possible labelled tree topology
is equally likely.
- Randomly Resolve Polytomies (TreeFarm package)
- Randomly resolves polytomies in tree. All possible resolutions
are equiprobable. Thus, if the tree is a polytomous bush, the
resulting resolved trees will be distributed equivalently to
that from the Equiprobable Trees module.
Randomized Trees
- Reshuffle Terminal Taxa (TreeFarm package)
- Shuffles (permutes) the taxa among the terminal nodes.
- Random Branch Moves (TreeFarm packages) —
Performs a specified number of randomly -chosen branch moves.
- Add Noise to Branch Lengths (TreeFarm package)
- Adds noise to branch lengths of tree. Noise is Normally distributed
with variance specified by user. Optionally, this variance is
proportional to current branch length. Negative branch lengths
are not allowed, and are changed to zero. Options: variance
of noise.
- Rarefy Tree (TreeFarm package) - Rarefies
tree by randomly deleting taxa. Options: how many excluded.
- Augment Tree Randomly (TreeFarm package)
- Augments tree by random placement of excluded taxa. Options:
whether branch lengths are to be considered; whether addition
is only to original branches
References
Barraclough, T.G. & S. Nee 2001. Phylogenetics and speciation.
TRENDS in Ecology and Evolution. 16:391-399.
|
|
