Structuralism and Voluntarism

1. 1879--established first psychological laboratory
2. All psychology begins with introspection and analysis of experience—but
3. Experiments could not be done on "Higher mental processes" This required the study of language and other artifacts in a social psychology
4. Consciousness contained a center (blickpunct) and its surrounds (blickfeld)
5. Apperception consciously brought information into the center of attention
6. By introspection one could find three dimensions of feelings--of pleasure, strain & excitement
7. Mental chronometry--reaction times, Donders and the subtractive method, complication experiments & prior entry
8. Physics and psychology were different

1. Although British he was the major representative of Wundtian psychology in America.
2. "OutWundted Wundt" founder and center of "Structural Psychology" differentiated structural and functional psychology in America
3. Goal of psychology is to analyse conscious experience by introspection; sensations, images, & feelings define consciousness
4. meaning is the context of associations, not an independent thing
5. One makes a "stimulus error" while introspecting if s/he interprets sensory input.

1. Wundt and Titchener focused on the "content" of consciousness; the phenomenal property of experience
2. Act psychology focused on psychological acts (functions)--seeing, feeling, believing, judging, etc.
3. Act psychology tended to be holistic

1. Empiricist but not experimentalist
2. Introduced the concept of intentionality--all psychological acts have some object immanently associated with it.
3. Seeing, believing, judging, have some object that is seen, believed or judged.
4. Intentionality differentiates the mental and the physical
5. Students included Husserl, Meinong, Stumpf & Freud

1. Studied the kinds of content that were the objects of acts (phenomenology)
2. a musician--psychological research in music conflicted with Wundt--perceptual relations differ as a function of expertise
3. studied a horse"Kluge(clever) Hans" with Pfungst--intelligence was responding to subtle visual cues.
4. Students included the Gestalt psychologists

1. Experimental research on memory (based on Fechner’s Psychophysics.
2. Strength of associations could be measured
3. Invented nonsense syllables to study pure associations
4. direct, distant, backward associations
5. Concept of "Savings" (relearning rate)
6. Allowed for nonconscious memory
7. Generated classical forgetting curve
8. Distributed better than massed practice
9. Used completion test

1. Important Phenomenologist
2. Primarily a philosopher
3. Student of Brentano

1. One of the first full-time experimental psychologists
2. Theorizing remained close to data
3. Major experimenter in psychophysics, vision and memory
4. His laboratory supported varied research quality of experiments rather than ideology

1. Studied with both Wundt and Brentano
2. Experimented in thinking--consciousness during judgment, free and controlled associations (find superordinate, antonym, subtract)
3. concepts of determining tendency, set, and task, experimentally demonstrated
4. Found imageless thought, acts without contents.
5. Evidence against subtractive method