Conjugations
Verbs:
-lua: intransitive-lie: transitive, I
-lir: transitive, you
-lin: transitive, he/she/it
-lae: reflexive, I
-lar: reflexive, you
-lan: reflexive, he/she/it
Tenses:
-ot-: past (before verb ending)-et-: future (as -ot-)
-it-: present (as -ot-, inferred so used only for clarity)
add -na-, -nu-, -ne- after past or future to express distance in time
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Inflections
Genders:
-a-: female (right before noun/adjective ending, for clarity [can be omitted])-o-: male (as f.)
-tya-: neuter (as f.); is for politeness/to indicate a group of multiple genders
Nouns:
-shi: noun, singular (can be omitted to leave an unchanged stem)-sha: noun, plural
For possessives, combine the 1st, 2nd, and 3rd person (respectively)
-ut, -ch, -y with the endings:
-i: singular single person
-a: plural single person
-e: singular group
-o: plural group
Adjectives:
-ma: adjective, (like), follows noun; match gender to noun-mi: plural form for agreement with noun
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Particles, etc.
Conjunctions:
(can be used between clauses, in which case they are unconnected)-e: and; joining more than 1 noun/adj. (after last noun/adj. invovled)
-ake: with (as -e)
-ke: without (as -e)
-me: exclusive or (as -e)
-the: and/or (as -e)
Logical Statements:
nyis: implies (i.e. A nyis B)onyis: therefore (as nyis)
Postpositions:
(before the noun ending)-u: in
-au: out
-pu: over
-ru: under
-lu: around
-na-: near (either space or time; this)
-nu-: medium distance in space/time; that)
-ne-: distant from both parties (that over there)
-mas-: few (from mas-)
-asa-: some (ambiguous number, from asa-)
-cor-: many (from cor-)
Particles:
wu: Question particle, at end of sentence; no rise in pitchalso -wu replacing -ma for a query pronoun (where, who, etc.)
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Roots
a-: no, bad, incorrectsa-: yes, good, correct
o-: be
nu-: change
no-: make, create (from nu- + o-)
thun-: solid
thil-: liquid
fo-: substance, thing
tur-: tall, high
sen-: short, low
mas-: few, small, less
cor-: many, large, more
lup-: group
emi-: part, division
nyi-: person
nyu-: life
anyu-: death
sim-: sound
hau-: instinct
haum-: believe (from hau- + -ma)
sahaum-: accept, allow (from sa- + haum- )
ahau-: fear, hate
sahau-: love
tyi-: number, digit
tya-: hand
om-: eye
uam-: ear
nom-: nose
si-: mouth
lup-: foot
hes-: emotion
wor-: humor
nor-: drama
sef-: place (from sen- + fo-)
it-: time
ot-: past
et-: future
nus-: go (from nu- + sef-)
nyis-: reason, think (from nyi- + -shi)
asa-: doubt (from a- + sa-)
tyin-: one
me-: two
lu-: three
wu-: four
gi-: five
pi-: six
yan-: seven
tyan-: eight
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Sounds
Consonants:
|labial |lab-dnt|dental |alv |alv-pal|palatal| -------|-------|-------|-------|-------|-------|-------| stop |p | | |t | |ty | fricat.| |f |th |s |sh | | affric.| | | | |ch | | approx.|w | |r,l |y | |ll | nasal |m | | |n | |ny |
Phonological constraints:
[C]V[C]
Changes:
If two syllables come together with the same sound, pause between them, with the exception of any combination of u and/or o, which becomes a single o.
Stress:
Last syllable, always
Tone:
High and low; only the last mora is high, all others are low
Vowels:
i, e, a, o, u
taken from Spanish; no open/closed e and o; long is simply repeated
short
Back to topWord Order
VOS (went store I) Compound words are formed with the main object, then the modifier. When expressing a compound sentence (Before I left here, I went home.): Nusotlie nasefshiau otshiu, nusotlie sefuti. Went-I this-place-out past-in, went-I place-mine. Back to topE-mail: vokuro@adelphia.net